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The Duel: Diefenbaker, Pearson and the Making of Modern Canada
Par John Ibbitson. 2023
INSTANT NATIONAL BESTSELLEROne of Canada’s foremost authors and journalists, offers a gripping account of the contest between John Diefenbaker and…
Lester Pearson, two prime ministers who fought each other relentlessly, but who between them created today’s Canada. John Diefenbaker has been unfairly treated by history. Although he wrestled with personal demons, his governments launched major reforms in public health care, law reform and immigration. On his watch, First Nations on reserve obtained the right to vote and the federal government began to open up the North. He established Canada as a leader in the struggle against apartheid in South Africa, and took the first steps in making Canada a leader in the fight against nuclear proliferation. And Diefenbaker’s Bill of Rights laid the groundwork for the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. He set in motion many of the achievements credited to his successor, Lester B. Pearson.Pearson, in turn, gave coherence to Diefenbaker’s piecemeal reforms. He also pushed Parliament to adopt a new, and now much-loved, Canadian flag against Diefenbaker’s fierce opposition. Pearson understood that if Canada were to be taken seriously as a nation, it must develop a stronger sense of self. Pearson was superbly prepared for the role of prime minister: decades of experience at External Affairs, respected by leaders from Washington to Delhi to Beijing, the only Canadian to win the Nobel Prize for Peace. Diefenbaker was the better politician, though. If Pearson walked with ease in the halls of power, Diefenbaker connected with the farmers and small-town merchants and others left outside the inner circles. Diefenbaker was one of the great orators of Canadian political life; Pearson spoke with a slight lisp. Diefenbaker was the first to get his name in the papers, as a crusading attorney: Diefenbaker for the Defence, champion of the little man. But he struggled as a politician, losing five elections before making it into the House of Commons, and becoming as estranged from the party elites as he was from the Liberals, until his ascension to the Progressive Conservative leadership in 1956 through a freakish political accident. As a young university professor, Pearson caught the attention of the powerful men who were shaping Canada’s first true department of foreign affairs, rising to prominence as the helpful fixer, the man both sides trusted, the embodiment of a new country that had earned its place through war in the counsels of the great powers: ambassador, undersecretary, minister, peacemaker. Everyone knew he was destined to be prime minister. But in 1957, destiny took a detour.Then they faced each other, Diefenbaker v Pearson, across the House of Commons, leaders of their parties, each determined to wrest and hold power, in a decade-long contest that would shake and shape the country. Here is a tale of two men, children of Victoria, who led Canada into the atomic age: each the product of his past, each more like the other than either would ever admit, fighting each other relentlessly while together forging the Canada we live in today. To understand our times, we must first understand theirs.Mueller-Matrix Tomography of Biological Tissues and Fluids: Digital Image Processing and Analysis Techniques (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)
Par Zhengbing Hu, Yuriy A. Ushenko, Iryna V. Soltys, Oleksandr V. Dubolazov, M. P. Gorsky, Oleksandr V. Olar, Liliya Yu. Trifonyuk. 2024
This book presents experimental investigations and digital image processing, highlighting the interaction of polarized radiation with phase-inhomogeneous and optically anisotropic…
biological layers. The promising and efficient use of vector-parametric description of the formation of polarization-inhomogeneous object fields is noted. Applications of a set of Mueller-matrix polarimetry methods are highlighted. The book includes- structural and logical scheme of multi-parameter (singular, interference and layer-by-layer Stokes-polarimetric), polarization-correlation study of the structure of distributions of the number of singularities, maps of local contrast of interference distributions and layer-by-layer maps of microscopic polarization azimuth and ellipticity; determination of relationships between changes in the magnitude of statistical parameters characterizing polarization-correlation distributions and pathology of prostate tumors.This thesis addresses the design of crystal structures using hydrogen bonds. In particular, it focuses on the design of functionalities…
and the control over the packing of molecular assemblies, based on molecular designs.Firstly, the synthesis and evaluation of a proton–electron mixed conducting charge transfer salt is reported. Focusing on the difference in the strength of hydrogen bonds and weaker intermolecular interactions, a system was rationally designed and constructed where electron-conducting molecular wires were encapsulated within a proton-conducting matrix. Next, the investigation of structural phase transitions in a cocrystal consisting of hydrogen-bonded two-dimensional molecular assemblies is reported. Drastic rearrangements of hydrogen-bonded molecular assemblies in the cocrystal led to single-crystal-to-single-crystal phase transitions, resulting in anisotropic changes in the crystal shape. Furthermore, chemical modification of a component molecule in the cocrystal is reported. The modification afforded control over the stacking patterns of the two-dimensional molecular assemblies, i.e., sheets, and the mechanism was discussed considering the intersheet intermolecular interactions and molecular motion.It is suggested that hydrogen bonds are beneficial to construct molecular assemblies in molecular crystals because of their strength and well-defined directionality, and the consideration of coexisting weaker intermolecular interactions can lead to the design of whole crystal structures and, hence, functionalities. This thesis benefits students and researchers working on solid-state chemistry by presenting various methods for characterizing and evaluating the properties of molecular solids.This book introduces a comprehensive framework tailored for dissecting complex systems across diverse disciplines. What defines a complex system? How…
can we harness information to quantify its order, structure, and intricacy? Delving into phenomena from the intricate processes in physical systems to the dynamic behaviours in cellular automata and pattern formation, readers will uncover the profound interplay between physics and information theory. This intricate relationship provides fresh insight into physical phenomena, reimagining them through the lens of information. Notably, the book demystifies how seemingly opposing forces—rising order and increasing disorder—coexist, ultimately shedding light on the second law of thermodynamics as an outcome of deterministic, reversible dynamics beneath the surface. Geared towards graduate students, this book presumes an undergraduate foundation in mathematics and physics, ensuring a deep, engaging exploration for its readers.Novel Optical Fiber Sensing Technology and Systems (Progress in Optical Science and Photonics #28)
Par Mingjiang Zhang, Jianzhong Zhang, Lijun Qiao, Tao Wang. 2024
This book highlights recent advances in novel optical fiber sensing technology and systems, using distributed fiber sensing technology based on…
chaotic lasers. Upon introducing the basic theory of chaotic laser, a novel light source, the book summarizes new frontier technologies, and presents photonic integration and sensing applications. The book elaborates on new technologies of distributed optical fiber sensors and its engineering applications, as well as narrow-linewidth fiber laser for optical fiber sensing. This book is of great reference for researchers and professionals in the area of optics and optoelectronics.Quantum Impurity Problems in the Framework of Natural Orbitals: A Comprehensive Study (Springer Theses)
Par Maxime Debertolis. 2024
This book presents a complete study of natural orbitals in quantum impurity problems, revealing a certain simplicity in these interacting…
many-body problems. These systems consist of a few localized degrees of freedom that undergo strong interactions and hybridize with a larger system of free particles; they are central in the study of strongly correlated systems. In a first step, the standard non-perturbative numerical renormalization group method is employed to demonstrate the hierarchical structure of correlations unveiled by natural orbitals. This simplification brought new insights for simulating quantum impurity problems, and a new algorithm is developed to generate an optimized subset of natural orbitals independently of existing methods, going beyond their usual limitations. This algorithm is presented in detail in the book, and a careful benchmark on known results is carried out to guarantee the validity of the method. It is then used to study spatial entanglement structures under various conditions that were not accessible with previous methods, such as representing the electron bath by a realistic 2D square lattice or taking account of static disorder in the metallic host. In the last chapter, the non-interacting problem in the presence of disorder is studied through random matrix theory, reproducing some of the results presented in the previous chapters. The main original result of this chapter lies in the analytical calculation of the joint distribution of one-particle orbitals energies and amplitudes of the impurity, which makes it possible to calculate any disordered averaged local correlation functions. Starting from this result, calculations in the large-N limit are compared with numerical simulations.Unconventional Shale Gas Exploration and Exploitation: Current Trends in Shale Gas Exploitation (Advances in Oil and Gas Exploration & Production)
Par Annapurna Boruah, Sumit Verma, Shib Sankar Ganguli. 2024
From the geological mysteries of shale formations to cutting-edge techniques in gas extraction, this book unveils the essential knowledge to…
harness the potential of shale gas. The book integrates various data types such as outcrop, well logs, core data, etc.) for hydrofracturing—from basin-scale to nano-pore-scale. The book included a wealth of information on the latest advancements, industry practices, environmental considerations, policies, and more. In a world increasingly conscious of environmental concerns, "Cleaner Energy from the Earth" offers a fresh perspective on the utilization of shale gas as a cleaner fossil fuel alternative. This comprehensive book takes the reader on a captivating journey through the science, technology, and innovation driving shale gas exploration and exploitation towards a greener future. Whether you're a seasoned industry professional, a student, or a curious reader, this book provides a comprehensive and accessible resource for all levels of expertise.Multiple Systems: Complexity and Coherence in Ecosystems, Collective Behavior, and Social Systems (Contributions to Management Science)
Par Gianfranco Minati, Maria Pietronilla Penna. 2024
This book presents the proceedings of the Eighth National Conference of the Italian Systems Society. The contributions underline the need…
for Systemics and Systems Science in order to address multiple, changing systems involving several coherent versions.The conference focused on identifying, discussing, and understanding possible interrelationships between fundamental theoretical advances in different disciplines. Given their scope, these proceedings represent a valuable asset for all researchers whose work involves multiple systems.Churchill's American Network: Winston Churchill and the Forging of the Special Relationship
Par Cita Stelzer. 2024
A revelatory portrait showing how the famed British statesman created a network of American colleagues and friends who helped push…
our foreign policy in Britain&’s favor during World War IIWinston Churchill was the consummate networker. Using newly discovered documents and archives, Churchill&’s American Network reveals how the famed British politician found a network of American men and women who would push American foreign policy in Britain&’s direction during World War II—while at the same time producing lucrative speaking fees to support his lavish lifestyle. Stelzer has gathered contemporary local newspaper reports of Churchill&’s lecture tours in many American cities, as well as interactions with leaders of local American communities—what he said in public, what he said at private meetings, how he comported himself. Readers observe Churchill as he is escorted by an armed Scotland Yard detective, aided by local police when Indian nationalists threaten to assassinate him, while he travels in deluxe private rail cars provided by wealthy members of his network; and as he recovers from a near-death automobile crash—with the help of liquor prescribed by a friendly doctor with no use for Prohibition. The links in Churchill&’s network include some of fascinating American figures: the millionaire financier Bernard Baruch; the railroad magnate, Averell Harriman, who became an FDR-Churchill go-between; media moguls William Randolph Hearst (and wife and mistress); Robert R. McCormick—who attacked Churchill&’s policies but enjoyed his company—and Charles Luce, who made him TIME&’s Man of the Year and later Man of the Century; and bit players such as Mark Twain, Charlie Chaplin, and David Niven. It is no accident that Churchill was able to put these links together into an important network that served to his, and Britain&’s, advantage. He worked at it relentlessly, remaining in close contact with his American friends by letter, signed copies of his many books, and by attending to their needs when they were in Britain. Many of these colleagues were invited to dinners at Chartwell and, later, Downing Street. Perhaps most importantly, Churchill&’s network of American allies had Franklin Roosevelt&’s ear while the president was deciding how to overcome opposition in congress to helping Britain take on the threat from Germany.The Lenin Scenario
Par Tariq Ali. 2024
The revolutionary world leader&’s extraordinary life, published for the centenary of Lenin&’s deathCommissioned by Oliver Stone in 2015 to commemorate…
the Russian Revolution, Tariq Ali&’s captivating screenplay of the life and times of Vladimir Lenin puts flesh on the bones of the historical record and gets its pulse racing. From the author of The Dilemmas of Lenin, the drama captures the enigma of its central character. Ali shows Lenin in his rush from Switzerland to Petrograd by train to grasp his moment in history and the force of his personality on the tumult he found there. He made a revolution and remade a nation. Interwoven with the politics is an exploration of Lenin&’s personal life, especially his love for Inessa Armand.In the introduction, Ali argues that, despite the difficulties, a serious cinematic assessment of Lenin is still needed. Unfortunately, two very different attempts to film one failed. This first draft provides the basis for something on a grander scale at some stage in the future.Praise for The Dilemmas of Lenin &‘Aims to rescue Lenin from both liberal caricature and Soviet hag- iography by recovering the realism and dynamism of his political thought&’ David Sessions, Nation&‘An incredibly powerful, panoramic, and insightful study of the central revolutionary figure of the twentieth century&’ Paul LeBlanc, author of Lenin and the Revolutionary PartyAre You Prepared for the Storm of Love Making?: Letters of Love and Lust from the White House
Par Dorothy Hoobler, Thomas Hoobler. 2024
A delightful collection of love letters by American presidents to their wives—and lovers—revealing an intimate and deeply personal side of…
our leaders.Our presidents loom so large in history that we often forget they are human. Are You Prepared for the Storm of Love Making? is a collection of handwritten love letters that offers a surprising and intimate portrait of the men who occupied the White House. From George Washington to Barack Obama, these are not the presidents we see in history books. Instead, when they courted the women they wanted to marry, or seduced women outside of their marriage, they often showed a side the public did not see—playful, passionate, tender, consumed by desire. Some of the letters are incredibly romantic—and surprisingly so. It took Richard Nixon years to convince Pat Ryan to marry him: &“Someday let me see you again? In September? Maybe?&” Others will make you blush. Staid-looking Woodrow Wilson, about to return home from a trip, warned his wife of ten years: &“Do you think you can stand the unnumerable kisses and the passionate embraces you will receive? Are you prepared for the storm of lovemaking with which you will be assailed?&” In letters to one of his mistresses, Warren G. Harding referred to his penis as &“Jerry&”—letters which would later be used to blackmail him. All the letters show the writer at his most vulnerable. We see letters of sorrow written about the death of a child or during a time of separation while the president was away on the battlefield. This beautiful book is a captivating collection of love stories revealing a human side of the men we still honor today.Our Ancient Faith: Lincoln, Democracy, and the American Experiment
Par Allen C. Guelzo. 2024
An intimate study of Abraham Lincoln&’s powerful vision of democracy, which guided him through the Civil War and is still…
relevant today—by a best-selling historian and three-time winner of the Lincoln Prize"It is altogether fitting and proper that, with this meditation on democracy and its most subtle defender, Allen Guelzo again demonstrates that he is today&’s most profound interpreter of this nation&’s history and significance." —George F. WillAbraham Lincoln grappled with the greatest crisis of democracy that has ever confronted the United States. While many books have been written about his temperament, judgment, and steady hand in guiding the country through the Civil War, we know less about Lincoln&’s penetrating ideas and beliefs about democracy, which were every bit as important as his character in sustaining him through the crisis.Allen C. Guelzo, one of America&’s foremost experts on Lincoln, captures the president&’s firmly held belief that democracy was the greatest political achievement in human history. He shows how Lincoln&’s deep commitment to the balance between majority and minority rule enabled him to stand firm against secession while also committing the Union to reconciliation rather than recrimination in the aftermath of war. In bringing his subject to life as a rigorous and visionary thinker, Guelzo assesses Lincoln&’s actions on civil liberties and his views on race, and explains why his vision for the role of government would have made him a pivotal president even if there had been no Civil War. Our Ancient Faith gives us a deeper understanding of this endlessly fascinating man and shows how his ideas are still sharp and relevant more than 150 years later.Lincoln's Legacy: Ethics and Politics
Par William Miller, Mark E. Neely Jr., Phillip S. Paludan, Mark Summers. 2007
The four new essays in Lincoln's Legacy describe major ethical problems that the sixteenth president navigated what can be learned…
from how he did so. The distinguished and award-winning Lincoln scholars William Miller, Mark E. Neely Jr., Phillip Shaw Paludan, and Mark Summers describe Lincoln’s attitudes and actions during encounters with questions of politics, law, constitutionalism, patronage, and democracy. The remarkably focused essays include an assessment of Lincoln's virtues in the presidency, the first study on Lincoln and patronage in more than a decade, a challenge to the cliché of Lincoln the democrat, and a study of habeas corpus, Lincoln, and state courts. On the eve of the bicentennial celebration of Lincoln’s birth, Lincoln’s Legacy highlights his enduring importance in contemporary conversations about law, politics, and democracy.Ralph Johnson Bunche: Public Intellectual and Nobel Peace Laureate
Par Lorenzo DuBois Baber, John Hope Franklin, Charles P. Henry, Jonathan Scott Holloway, Ben Keppel, Beverly Lindsay, Princeton Lyman, Edwin Smith, Hanes Walton Jr.. 2007
Nobel Peace Prize winner Ralph Johnson Bunche (1904-71) was one of the twentieth century’s foremost diplomats and intellectuals. In the…
wake of centennial celebrations of his birth, leading scholars and diplomats assess Bunche’s historical importance and enduring impact on higher education, public policy, and international politics. Their essays reveal not only the breadth of Bunche’s influence, such as his United Nations work to broker peace during times of civil war in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, but also the depth of his intellectual perspectives on race, civil rights, higher education, and international law. Probing his publications, speeches, and public policy initiatives, the volume offers telling insights into the critical roles of universities, public intellectuals, and diplomats in working together to find solutions to domestic and international problems through public and scholarly engagement. In this way, the volume highlights the very connections that Bunche exhibited as an academic, intellectual, and diplomat. Contributors include Lorenzo DuBois Baber, John Hope Franklin, Jonathan Scott Holloway, Charles P. Henry, Ben Keppel, Beverly Lindsay, Princeton Lyman, Edwin Smith, and Hanes Walton Jr.Forbes Burnham: The Life and Times of the Comrade Leader (Critical Caribbean Studies)
Par Linden F. Lewis. 2024
It is virtually impossible to understand the history of modern Guyana without understanding the role played by Forbes Burnham. As premier…
of British Guiana, he led the country to independence in 1966 and spent two decades as its head of state until his death in 1985. An intensely charismatic politician, Burnham helped steer a new course for the former colony, but he was also a quintessential strongman leader, venerated by some of his citizens yet feared and despised by others. Forbes Burnham: The Life and Times of the Comrade Leader is the first political biography of this complex and influential figure. It charts how the political party he founded, the People’s National Congress, combined nationalist rhetoric, socialist policies, and Pan-Africanist philosophies. It also explores how, in a country already deeply divided between the descendants of African slaves and Indian indentured servants, Burnham consolidated political power by intensifying ethnic polarizations. Drawing from historical archives as well as new interviews with the people who knew Burnham best, sociologist Linden F. Lewis examines how his dictatorial tendencies coexisted with his progressive convictions. Forbes Burnham is a compelling study of the nature of postcolonial leadership and its pitfalls.Kenneyism: Jason Kenney's Pursuit of Power
Par Jeremy Appel. 2024
The harsh moralistic worldview of Jason Kenney has spurred right-wing populism to the mainstream in Canadian politics, but he unleashed…
forces he couldn’t control.From Jason Kenney’s days as an anti-abortion activist at the University of San Francisco, and through his years as a Canadian Taxpayers Federation lobbyist, Reform MP, top cabinet minister in the Harper government, and Alberta premier, he has been single-mindedly driven to bring his harsh moralistic worldview into the mainstream. Kenney took on the old guard of Canada’s liberal consensus and won, playing a key role in shifting the country’s political discussion to the right. But the very right-wing populist forces Kenney cultivated would come back to haunt him.Jeremy Appel has observed Alberta politics and reported on various aspects of Kenney’s agenda since 2017, when Kenney made his way across the province in his big blue pickup truck to rile up aggrieved conservatives. Kenneyism examines Kenney's political beliefs, his rise through federal political ranks, and his ultimate resignation from the leadership of the United Conservative Party.Data Science and Machine Learning Applications in Subsurface Engineering
Par Daniel Asante Otchere. 2023
This book covers unsupervised learning, supervised learning, clustering approaches, feature engineering, explainable AI and multioutput regression models for subsurface engineering…
problems. Processing voluminous and complex data sets are the primary focus of the field of machine learning (ML). ML aims to develop data-driven methods and computational algorithms that can learn to identify complex and non-linear patterns to understand and predict the relationships between variables by analysing extensive data. Although ML models provide the final output for predictions, several steps need to be performed to achieve accurate predictions. These steps, data pre-processing, feature selection, feature engineering and outlier removal, are all contained in this book. New models are also developed using existing ML architecture and learning theories to improve the performance of traditional ML models and handle small and big data without manual adjustments. This research-oriented book will help subsurface engineers, geophysicists, and geoscientists become familiar with data science and ML advances relevant to subsurface engineering. Additionally, it demonstrates the use of data-driven approaches for salt identification, seismic interpretation, estimating enhanced oil recovery factor, predicting pore fluid types, petrophysical property prediction, estimating pressure drop in pipelines, bubble point pressure prediction, enhancing drilling mud loss, smart well completion and synthetic well log predictions.Unser Platz im Universum: Astronomie anhand alter Entdeckungen verstehen
Par Sun Kwok. 2023
Wenn Sie schon immer die Grundprinzipien der Astronomie und der Himmelsbewegungen verstehen wollten, sollten Sie dieses Buch lesen. Anhand von…
Bildern des Himmels, die von verschiedenen Orten der Erde aus beobachtet wurden, sowie von Zeichnungen alter astronomischer Methoden und Werkzeuge erzählt Prof. Sun Kwok diese Geschichte auf unterhaltsame und faszinierende Weise.Seit den Anfängen der menschlichen Zivilisation haben sich die Menschen Gedanken über die Struktur des Kosmos und unseren Platz im Universum gemacht. Vor mehr als 2.000 Jahren wussten unsere Vorfahren bereits, dass die Jahreszeiten ungleichmäßig verlaufen, dass die Erde frei im Raum schwebt, und dass es Sterne gibt, die sie nicht sehen können. Aus ihren Himmelsbeobachtungen schlossen sie, dass die Erde rund ist. Mit einfachen Werkzeugen und mathematischen Methoden bestimmten die Astronomen der Antike die Größe der Erde und des Mondes, die Entfernung zum Mond und die Länge der Monate und des Jahres genau.Mit einem raffinierten Gerät, der Armillarsphäre, konnten die griechischen Astronomen die Zeiten des Sonnenaufgangs und des Sonnenuntergangs an jedem Tag des Jahres und an jedem Ort der Erde vorhersagen. Sie entwickelten ausgeklügelte mathematische Modelle, um die Bewegungen des Mars für Hunderte von Jahren in die Zukunft vorauszusagen.Finden Sie heraus, wie die antiken Beobachter diese bemerkenswerten Leistungen vollbrachten. Mit minimalem Einsatz von Mathematik zeichnet dieses Buch die Spuren unserer Vorfahren nach, erklärt ihre intellektuelle Reise in einfachen Worten und erforscht die philosophischen Bedeutungen dieser Entdeckungen.This book presents a comprehensive overview of the sum rule approach to spectral analysis of orthogonal polynomials, which derives from…
Gábor Szego's classic 1915 theorem and its 1920 extension. Barry Simon emphasizes necessary and sufficient conditions, and provides mathematical background that until now has been available only in journals. Topics include background from the theory of meromorphic functions on hyperelliptic surfaces and the study of covering maps of the Riemann sphere with a finite number of slits removed. This allows for the first book-length treatment of orthogonal polynomials for measures supported on a finite number of intervals on the real line. In addition to the Szego and Killip-Simon theorems for orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle (OPUC) and orthogonal polynomials on the real line (OPRL), Simon covers Toda lattices, the moment problem, and Jacobi operators on the Bethe lattice. Recent work on applications of universality of the CD kernel to obtain detailed asymptotics on the fine structure of the zeros is also included. The book places special emphasis on OPRL, which makes it the essential companion volume to the author's earlier books on OPUC.How Did the First Stars and Galaxies Form? (Princeton Frontiers in Physics #1)
Par Abraham Loeb. 2010
A concise introduction to cosmology and how light first emerged in the universeThough astrophysicists have developed a theoretical framework for…
understanding how the first stars and galaxies formed, only now are we able to begin testing those theories with actual observations of the very distant, early universe. We are entering a new and exciting era of discovery that will advance the frontiers of knowledge, and this book couldn't be more timely. It covers all the basic concepts in cosmology, drawing on insights from an astronomer who has pioneered much of this research over the past two decades.Abraham Loeb starts from first principles, tracing the theoretical foundations of cosmology and carefully explaining the physics behind them. Topics include the gravitational growth of perturbations in an expanding universe, the abundance and properties of dark matter halos and galaxies, reionization, the observational methods used to detect the earliest galaxies and probe the diffuse gas between them—and much more.Cosmology seeks to solve the fundamental mystery of our cosmic origins. This book offers a succinct and accessible primer at a time when breathtaking technological advances promise a wealth of new observational data on the first stars and galaxies.Provides a concise introduction to cosmologyCovers all the basic conceptsGives an overview of the gravitational growth of perturbations in an expanding universeExplains the process of reionizationDescribes the observational methods used to detect the earliest galaxies