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The Economic Aspects of the History of the Civilisation of Japan (Routledge Library Editions Ser.)
Par Yosaburo Takekoshi. 2004
First Published in 2004. This is Volume II looking at the aspects of econnomic life in the civilisation of Japan.…
The chapters span the areas of Foreign Trade in the Port of Nagasaki, through the ages of Yiyeysuna, Genroku; the influence of money and politcal power, and foreign trade in silver and gold to name a few.Routledge Handbook of Evolutionary Economics (Routledge International Handbooks)
Par Jason Potts, Richard Nelson, Andreas Pyka, Kurt Dopfer. 2024
While dating from post-Classical economists such as Thorstein Veblen and Joseph Schumpeter, the inception of the modern field of evolutionary…
economics is usually dated to the early 1980s. Broadly speaking, evolutionary economics sees the economy as undergoing continual, evolutionary change. Evolutionary change indicates that these changes were not planned, but rather were the result of innovations and selection processes. These often involved winners and losers, but most importantly, they resulted in actors learning what was and was not working. Evolutionary economics, in contrast to mainstream economics, emphasises the relevance of variables such as technology, institutions, decision rules, routines, or consumer preferences for explaining the complex evolutionary changes in the economy. In so doing, evolutionary economics significantly broadens the scope of economic analysis, and sheds new light on key concepts and issues of the discipline. This handbook draws on a stellar cast list of international contributors, ranging from the founders of the field to the newest voices. The volume explores the current state of the art in the field of evolutionary economics at the levels of the micro (e.g. firms and households), meso (e.g. industries and institutions), and macro (e.g. economic policy, structure, and growth). Overall, the Routledge Handbook of Evolutionary Economics provides an excellent overview of current trends and issues in this rapidly developing field.Oil and the International Economy
Par Beate Reszat, Georg Koopmann, Klaus Matthies. 1987
The oil price increases of the 1970s left deep marks on the world economy. They led to a massive redistribution…
of income in favor of oil-producing countries, and caused serious disruption of growth, imbalances in foreign trade, and problems of stability in oil-importing countries. Despite the present levelling off, the authors suggest that more price increases remain a distinct possibility.Oil and the International Economy examines the effects of rising oil prices on the international financial system and identifies ways that oil-importing countries can overcome the financial and adjustment problems caused by them. The authors project the long-term trend in real oil prices and present economic policy options to help avoid future financial problems for industrialized and developing nations alike.Inequality – the unbeatable challenge
Par Medani Bhandari, Shvindina Hanna. 2021
This edited book presents some unexplored issues of economic inequality, including case studies of various countries. Inequality is a chronic…
and divisive factor of society. Inequality exists as an integral attribute of human development. Communities, nations, and systems are not evolving at the same speed and rate and thus require different resources in different amounts. However, the distribution of winnings is also uneven due to the multidimensionality of influencing factors.When we talk about inequality, it is not just inequality of income or wealth; it is first, inequality in access to priorities and human needs – to shelter, to clean water, air, health care, and also to appropriate vaccination systems and assistance, security systems and safety guarantees for the future. Past financial crises and the current pandemic shock has revealed bugs in the system, shaking it and changing our perception of the norms.We may have no doubts that inequality is an unsolved problem, but now we need to find out - is it unbeatable? There is still lack of knowledge around how inequality has been grounded throughout human civilization, why society is stratified and classified, economically, politically, socially, and religiously; and why the discrimination due to gender, sexual orientation, country of origin, language differences, immigration status, caste, race and ethnicity? This book addresses these issues in a holistic way as well as including case studies of various countries. It tries to find out why inequality has been unbeatable and what would be the best policies to overcome this challenge.Reducing Inequalities Towards Sustainable Development Goals: Multilevel Approach
Par Medani Bhandari. 2019
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of global goals that meet some of the most pressing challenges facing…
our world today. Goal 10 concerns reducing global inequalities. Inequality is currently seen in the social, political, and economic structures of communities at both the national and international level. The United Nation’s approach to sustainable development is to create a set of goals and targets try to minimize the accelerating gaps of inequality. The book presents new insights for evaluating the progress on SDGs (especially goal 10), it also boldly sets new economic, social and environmental targets for reducing inequality. Using case studies, this book encourages readers to view economic development through the lens of growing inequalities and disparities. Such inequalities are clearly becoming more obvious as the world is better connected, and information is quickly shared. The books main aim is therefore to direct the efforts of scholars, practitioners and policymakers to swiftly find the balance between the three pillars of sustainable development. The main challenges and focus of each chapter are different and collectively they give an integrated understanding of the phenomenon of sustainable development and its diverse aspects. This book will be useful for policymakers, social and environmental activists, agencies, educators and practitioners in the sphere of social or environmental economics. The methodology of the research can be replicated and taken forward by future researchers in the field.Economic and Financial Aspects of Social Security: An International Survey (Routledge Revivals)
Par J. Richardson. 1960
First Published in 1960, Economic and Financial Aspects of Social Security presents an important intervention by Professor J. Henry Richardson,…
an experienced authority on social security. Specially valuable is the chapter which considers what proportion of national income can be afforded for social security and also that on the alternatives of financing by accumulating large funds or by ‘pay-as-you-go’ methods. The author directs particular attention to age and retirement and urges that both social security systems and industrial organization should be so devised as to give encouragement and facilities for older people to continue working as long as they are fit. He also discusses remedies for poverty arising from sickness and large families with low incomes. The value of social security as a factor in economic security and in the redistribution of income, safeguards against inflation, and the problem of saving today for consumption in the future are also examined. This book is an essential read for scholars and researchers of political economy, labour economics and economics in generalThe Human Marketplace: Examination of Private Employment Agencies
Par Tomas Martinez. 1975
In this volume the author uses private employment agencies as a case study in which to explore “the human marketplace”…
in his research in gathering useful data on the evolution and influences upon the relationship between work and identity. This study looks at the role of Private employment agents—men and women who derive an income by acting as brokers between employers and people who seek employment.Competition and Techincal Change in the U.S. Telephone Industry
Par Nakil Sung. 1997
First published in 1997. While local telephone companies still maintain their monopolistic position, rapid technological advance in telecommunications is destroying…
the established market structure in the local telephone industry. The U.S. Telecommunications Act of 1996 aimed at eliminating any legal barrier which has suppressed technically feasible local competition. This study attempts to provide pro-competitive evidence on the technological or cost structure of the U.S. local telephone industry. In particular, the study presents strong evidence against cost subadditivity of local telephone companies and shows that local telephone companies have been isolated from the disciplinary effects of competition in comparison with their competitive counterparts. The study not only has policy implications for entry and competition in local telephone markets, but also provides a new approach to the measurement of embodied technical change.Weaponising Investments: Volume I (Springer Studies in Law & Geoeconomics #1)
Par Jens Pohl, Thomas Papadopoulos, Joanna Warchol, Janosch Wiesenthal. 2023
This highly topical volume presents pioneering research for the purpose of developing a common analytical foundation and framework for the…
emerging interdisciplinary research field of investment control. Long considered as exceptional measures, restrictions on inward foreign direct investments (FDI) have become ever more common and accepted. This book presents different perspectives on how decision-makers go about the tasks of assessing risks and threats to national security that may be posed by FDI and then balancing those risks and threats against economic interests of parties concerned and society at large.This book is concerned with the study of climate change from the perspective of risks for the economy and business.…
Rethinking climate change from a risk perspective allows making a significant transition from the consideration of climate as a predetermined and permanent context to its interpretation as a factor that influences the economy and business. Thanks to the new risk perspective on climate change, the book offers opportunities and offers recommendations for adapting businesses and economic sectors to climate risks.As a forward-looking response (management measure) to the risks of climate change in the economy and business, this book suggests using smart green innovations in Industry 4.0 – high technologies in support of the sustainable development goals (SDGs). The advantage of smart technologies to combat climate change is their increased flexibility and adaptability, as well as the resistance of smart (automated, robotic) machines to different environmental conditions.The academic significance of the book is attributable to the fact that it covers, as widely and comprehensively as possible, the full range of ground-breaking smart green innovations in Industry 4.0 with a potential of climate change risk management: from green finance (for example, blockchain-based cryptocurrencies) to smart and clean energy, as well as smart industrial innovations in Industry 4.0. The combination of public and corporate risk management measures of climate change allows achieving a “synergetic effect” in the form of enhanced support for the implementation of the SDGs.Human-Centred Economics: The Living Standards of Nations
Par Richard Samans. 2024
This open access book examines the chronic underperformance of economies with respect to inclusion, sustainability and resilience. It finds that…
the standard liberal economic growth and development model has evolved over the past century in a fundamentally unbalanced manner that underemphasizes the crucial role of institutions – legal norms, policy incentives and public administrative capacities – in translating market-based growth in the production of goods and services into broad and sustainable gains in social welfare at the household level. Correcting this imbalance of emphasis in economic theory and policy between markets and institutions, production and distribution, and national income and household living standards is the single most important step required to transcend 20th century trickle-down “neoliberalism” and replace it with a more human-centred model of economic progress in the 21st century. The book breaks new ground by integrating the principal institutional dimensions of the social contract into the heart of macroeconomic theory and presenting extensive corresponding reforms of domestic and international economic policy to refocus them on the median living standards, rather than primarily aggregate wealth or GDP, of nations. This is the bottom-line measure of national economic performance, and it depends on the strength of both markets of exchange and institutions in such areas as labour and social protection, financial and corporate governance, competition and rents, anti-corruption, infrastructure and basic necessities, environmental protection, education and skilling, etc. Extensive comparative data are presented demonstrating that countries at every level of economic development have ample policy space to narrow their “welfare gaps” – their underperformance on these and other key aspects of household living standards relative to the frontier of leading policy practice in peer countries.Forgotten Continent: The Battle For Latin America's Soul
Par Michael Reid. 2008
The bestselling primer on the social, political, and economic challenges facing Central and South America by The Economist editor and…
author of Brazil. Latin America has often been condemned to failure. Neither poor enough to evoke Africa&’s moral crusade, nor as explosively booming as India and China, it has largely been overlooked by the West. Yet this vast continent, home to half a billion people, the world&’s largest reserves of arable land, and 8.5 percent of global oil, is busily transforming its political and economic landscape. This book argues that rather than failing the test, Latin America&’s efforts to build fairer and more prosperous societies make it one of the world&’s most vigorous laboratories for capitalist democracy. In many countries—including Brazil, Chile and Mexico—democratic leaders are laying the foundations for faster economic growth and more inclusive politics, as well as tackling deep-rooted problems of poverty, inequality, and social injustice. They face a new challenge from Hugo Chávez&’s oil-fueled populism, and much is at stake. Failure will increase the flow of drugs and illegal immigrants to the United States and Europe, jeopardize stability in a region rich in oil and other strategic commodities, and threaten some of the world&’s most majestic natural environments. Drawing on Michael Reid&’s many years of reporting from inside Latin America&’s cities, presidential palaces, and shantytowns, the book provides a vivid, immediate, and informed account of a dynamic continent and its struggle to compete in a globalized world. &“No one who seriously aspires to discuss Latin American politics, economics, and culture should go without reading Forgotten Continent.&”—National InterestHigh-Tech Industries, Employment and Global Competitiveness
Par S. R. Hashim. 2009
The process of development in recent times has been characteristically marked by the expanding reach of multinational enterprises, flows of…
foreign direct investment, unprecedented growth of information and communication technologies (ICT) and knowledge-based industries, and infusion of ICT across the entire spectrum of industries and activities. High-tech knowledge-based industries like information technology, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals and so on have played an important role in the transition of Chinese and Indian economies—the two largest and fastest growing economies.This inter-disciplinary book offers an in-depth understanding of the behaviour of firms in these industries, analysing the strategies they adopt in a globally competitive environment, the role they have played in ushering in the growth revolution in China and India, and the contribution they have made to the nature and growth of employment. This study also dwells upon the emerging nature of scientific and technological developments like nanotechnology, novel materials, spintronics and quantum computers, with the conclusion that in the future, knowledge and technology are going to be the real sources of wealth for nations.Thinking Ahead - Essays on Big Data, Digital Revolution, and Participatory Market Society
Par Dirk Helbing. 2015
The rapidly progressing digital revolution is now touching the foundations of the governance of societal structures. Humans are on the…
verge of evolving from consumers to prosumers, and old, entrenched theories – in particular sociological and economic ones – are falling prey to these rapid developments. The original assumptions on which they are based are being questioned. Each year we produce as much data as in the entire human history - can we possibly create a global crystal ball to predict our future and to optimally govern our world? Do we need wide-scale surveillance to understand and manage the increasingly complex systems we are constructing, or would bottom-up approaches such as self-regulating systems be a better solution to creating a more innovative, more successful, more resilient, and ultimately happier society? Working at the interface of complexity theory, quantitative sociology and Big Data-driven risk and knowledge management, the author advocates the establishment of new participatory systems in our digital society to enhance coordination, reduce conflict and, above all, reduce the “tragedies of the commons,” resulting from the methods now used in political, economic and management decision-making. The authorPhysicist Dirk Helbing is Professor of Computational Social Science at the Department of Humanities, Social and Political Sciences and an affiliate of the Computer Science Department at ETH Zurich, as well as co-founder of ETH’s Risk Center. He is internationally known for the scientific coordination of the FuturICT Initiative which focuses on using smart data to understand techno-socio-economic systems. “Prof. Helbing has produced an insightful and important set of essays on the ways in which big data and complexity science are changing our understanding of ourselves and our society, and potentially allowing us to manage our societies much better than we are currently able to do. Of special note are the essays that touch on the promises of big data along with the dangers...this is material that we should all become familiar with!” Alex Pentland, MIT, author of Social Physics: How Good Ideas Spread - The Lessons From a New Science "Dirk Helbing has established his reputation as one of the leading scientific thinkers on the dramatic impacts of the digital revolution on our society and economy. Thinking Ahead is a most stimulating and provocative set of essays which deserves a wide audience.” Paul Ormerod, economist, and author of Butterfly Economics and Why Most Things Fail. "It is becoming increasingly clear that many of our institutions and social structures are in a bad way and urgently need fixing. Financial crises, international conflicts, civil wars and terrorism, inaction on climate change, problems of poverty, widening economic inequality, health epidemics, pollution and threats to digital privacy and identity are just some of the major challenges that we confront in the twenty-first century. These issues demand new and bold thinking, and that is what Dirk Helbing offers in this collection of essays. If even a fraction of these ideas pay off, the consequences for global governance could be significant. So this is a must-read book for anyone concerned about the future." Philip Ball, science writer and author of Critical Mass “This collection of papers, brought together by Dirk Helbing, is both timely and topical. It raises concerns about Big Data, which are truly frightening and disconcerting, that we do need to be aware of; while at the same time offering some hope that the technology, which has created the previously unthought-of dangers to our privacy, safety and democracy can be the means to address these dangers by enabling social, economic and political participation and coordination, not possible in the past. It makes for compelling reading and I hope for timely action.”Eve Mitleton-Kelly, LSE, author of Corporate Governance and Complexity Theory and editor of Co-evolAfter Autonomy: A Post-Mortem for Hong Kong’s first Handover, 1997–2019
Par Daniel Vukovich. 2022
This book offers a sharp, critical analysis of the rise and fall of the 2019 anti-extradition bill movement in Hong…
Kong, including prior events like Occupy Central and the Mongkok Fishball Revolution, as well as their aftermaths in light of the re-assertion of mainland sovereignty over the SAR. Reading the conflict against the grain of those who would romanticize it or simply condemn it in nationalistic fashion, Vukovich goes beyond mediatized discourse to disentangle its roots in the Basic Law system as well as in the colonial and insufficiently post-colonial contexts and dynamics of Hong Kong. He examines the question of localist identity and its discontents, the problems of nativism, violence, and liberalism, the impossibility of autonomy, and what forms a genuine de-colonization can and might yet take in the city. A concluding chapter examines Hong Kong’s need for state capacity and proper, livelihood development, in the light of the Omicron wave of the Covid pandemic, as the SAR goes forward into a second handover era.Crowdfunding and Entrepreneurship
Par Ignatius Ekanem, Steve Ideh. 2024
This accessible text provides an insight into the growing global trend of crowdfunding as a source of entrepreneurial finance. Grounded…
in academic literature, this book looks at the micro and macro issues within crowdfunding, from the entrepreneur’s access to finance at the business level, to the role of government in regulating the market. It helps the reader develop a sound understanding of crowdfunding as a source of finance, the crowdfunding process and potential options when faced with start-up funding issues. A range of international case studies of successful and unsuccessful crowdfunding campaigns help readers to apply theory to real-life scenarios. Readers are also supported throughout the book with chapter objectives and summaries, key terms, discussion questions and further reading guidance. Instructor materials such as slides and test questions are available as digital supplements. Crowdfunding and Entrepreneurship will be a valuable resource for students of new venture creation and entrepreneurial finance, as well as entrepreneurs exploring crowdfunding as an option for business development.Classical Music and Opera During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic: Empirical Research on the Digital Transformation of Socio-cultural Institutions and Aesthetic Forms (Music Business Research)
Par Hauke Egermann, Ruth Müller-Lindenberg, Steffen Lepa. 2023
The global COVID-19 pandemic, the resulting lockdown imposed in many countries, as well as related safety measures taken by governments…
and authorities, have posed significant challenges to classical music culture. However, they may also have had a stimulating effect on music festivals and opera houses’ streaming offerings. This book brings together experts from the fields of musicology and music management to share their current empirical research findings on the pandemic-evoked digital transformation of the classical music scene, addressing either the institutional or the reception perspective. Furthermore, it documents discussions with opera dramaturgs and artistic directors, as well as music managers and event producers in the classical field, to share their practical lockdown experiences and current strategies in dealing with the digital transformation of opera. In this way, the volume combines the perspective of academic researchers with that of practitioners in the field. This book is particularly useful for students and researchers in music and media management, as well as musicology. It is also intended to help practitioners from concert houses and opera management, such as dramaturges, artistic directors, marketing and communication directors.Ever since the time of his early interpreters, beginning with David Hume, Adam Smith’s theory of value has been the…
subject of confusion and misunderstanding – including a controversy which still rages over whether Smith held a labour theory of value, and, if so, whether he held to it throughout Wealth of Nations, or if it was confined to the “Early and Rude State”? This book provides a close reading of Smith’s key text, and also incorporates material from the other parts of Smith’s oeuvre, especially from The Theory of Moral Sentiments, to yield original and important insights into Smith’s theory of value. The book operates on the assumption that Smith is proposing relatively simple ideas about price and takes a conventional view that simple Supply and Demand models can illuminate, clearly and consistently with his text, his theory of price. Combining these elements, the book argues that, contra Marx, Smith does not have a labour theory of value at all, understood as a theory of the determination of the relative price structure. Instead, Smith is placed squarely in the supply and demand, general equilibrium framework and the claim that he is part of a “surplus tradition”, which receives its highest treatment in the work of Piero Sraffa, is refuted. This book will be of particular interest to Adam Smith specialists, historians of economic thought, and research economists who have an interest in Smith.Drawing on debates about the religious nature and origins of contemporary European capitalism, this book argues for a distinction between…
a Northern/Protestant and a Southern/Catholic spirit of capitalism. The first part of the book explores the history of the relationship between capitalism and Christianity. Going back much further than Weber’s “protestant ethic” arguments, it looks at the early centuries of Christianity from the gospels to Augustine and follows the story through the Middle Ages – with special attention devoted to the role of Monasticism and Franciscanism – to modernity. The second part of the book analyses the origin of the “southern spirit of capitalism: before and after Luther and the Calvinist Reformation. It highlights the key features which demonstrate that the Catholic spirit of capitalism is, in fact, different from the Anglo-Saxon spirit. This book will be of interest to readers in history of economic thought, history of capitalism, economic ethics and religious history.Political Economy of the Firm: Authority, Governance, and Economic Democracy (Routledge Frontiers of Political Economy)
Par Helena Lopes, Christophe Clerc. 2024
An alternative theory of the firm is needed that helps better understand the nature and actual functioning of firms as…
well as the challenges raised by digital platform firms. In defining firms as economic collective ventures organised by political means, this book offers a “political economy” vision of firms. Specifically, the book provides an authority-based conception of the firm that supplies a theoretical grounding for democratic governance. It is argued that workers must be viewed as actors of the firm, not passive subjects of capital, given that authority is a non-coercive form of power. The book examines authority and subordination from the workers’ perspective and argues that when workers accept authority, it is because they see it as facilitating mutually beneficial cooperation between people with divergent interests. As managerial authority is based on its acceptance by workers, it calls for legitimacy. Neither ownership nor the function that authority performs makes it legitimate. The book shows that legitimacy entails the democratisation of corporate governance, within the framework of “pluralistic companies”, and thus joins the many voices that increasingly question shareholder primacy. The book will be of great interest to researchers and students in economics and law as well as labour professionals, employers, unions, policymakers and anybody interested in economic democracy.